Indonesia
Indonesia deposited its instrument of ratification for the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) at a high-level ceremony in New York on 24 September 2024, becoming the Treaty’s largest state party by population.1 Indonesia is an example to be followed by other States, as it has now adhered to all of the seven key treaties in the legal architecture on disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, in addition to being party to a nuclear-weapon-free zone (NWFZ) treaty.
TPNW Status
| Key weapons of mass destruction treaties | ||
|---|---|---|
| NUCLEAR WEAPONS | ||
| Party to the TPNW | Yes (Ratified 2024) | |
| Party to the NPT | Yes (Ratified 1979) | |
| Ratified the CTBT | Yes (Ratified 2012, Annex 2 state) | |
| Party to an NWFZ | Yes (Ratified 1997, Bangkok) | |
| CSA with the IAEA | Yes (In force 1980) | |
| AP with the IAEA | Yes (In force 1999) | |
| BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL WEAPONS | ||
| Party to the BWC | Yes (Ratified 1992) | |
| Party to the CWC | Yes (Ratified 1998) | |
| TPNW Art. 1(1) prohibitions: Compliance in 2025 | ||
|---|---|---|
| (a) | Develop, produce, manufacture, acquire | Compliant |
| Possess or stockpile | Compliant | |
| Test | Compliant | |
| (b) | Transfer | Compliant |
| (c) | Receive transfer or control | Compliant |
| (d) | Use | Compliant |
| Threaten to use | Compliant | |
| (e) | Assist, encourage or induce | Compliant |
| (f) | Seek or receive assistance | Compliant |
| (g) | Allow stationing, installation, deployment | Compliant |
| TPNW voting and participation | |
|---|---|
| UNGA resolution on TPNW (latest vote) | Voted yes (2025) |
| Participated in 3MSP (2025) | Yes |
| Participated in 2MSP (2023) | Yes (observer) |
| Participated in 1MSP (2022) | Yes (observer) |
| Average MSP delegation size (% women) | 6.67 (34%) |
| Adoption of TPNW (7 July 2017) | Voted yes |
| Participated in TPNW negotiations (2017) | Yes |
| Negotiation mandate (A/RES/71/258) | Voted yes |
| Fissile material | |
|---|---|
| Nuclear facilities | Yes |
| Fissile material production | No |
| HEU stocks | Cleared |
| Plutonium stocks | No |
| SQP with the IAEA | No |
Latest developments
At the Third Meeting of States Parties (3MSP) to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) in March 2025, Indonesia said: ‘For us, the TPNW is a litmus test of our global commitment to peace.’ It described the Treaty as ‘a call to reform a system that has, for too long, normalized the existence of weapons capable of ending civilization’.2
One of Indonesia’s priorities as a TPNW State Party will be to make the doctrine of nuclear deterrence ‘irrelevant’, it said. ‘How can we truly safeguard humanity with weapons designed for its destruction? The TPNW challenges this outdated mindset.’
It added that the TPNW has dismantled ‘the false and dangerous divide’ between the ‘haves’ and ‘have-nots’ by establishing a clear prohibition for all. ‘We must work together to strengthen the global disarmament architecture through the TPNW—towards inclusive arrangements that require all States to uphold disarmament obligations without double standards.’
In the Conference on Disarmament in February 2025, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Indonesia, Sugiono, said: ‘The government of Indonesia has long demonstrated its commitment to disarmament, most recently through ratification of the [TPNW]. We urge more States to join and to uphold their disarmament obligations.’3
At the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) Preparatory Committee meeting in April 2025, Indonesia said: ‘Continuing stalemate at the NPT and the increased risks of nuclear catastrophe are the reason why we value the TPNW, as it provides a ray of optimism for progress in the field of disarmament.’ It also noted that the TPNW has ‘established a legal framework for delegitimizing nuclear weapons and increased moral barriers to the threat of nuclear weapons’.4
Speaking at a high-level event on 26 September 2025 to mark the International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons, Foreign Minister Sugiono said that the TPNW ‘stands as a beacon of hope’ in a bleak landscape. ‘But we cannot allow this Treaty to remain symbolic,’ he added, urging nuclear-armed States to take ‘immediate steps’ to reduce and eliminate their nuclear arsenals.5
In the First Committee of the UN General Assembly in October 2025, Indonesia underlined the importance of universalizing the TPNW.6
Indonesia co-sponsored the 2025 UN General Assembly resolution on the TPNW, which welcomed the Treaty’s entry into force and called upon ‘all States that have not yet done so to sign, ratify, accept, approve, or accede to the Treaty at the earliest possible date’.7
In accordance with Article 2 of the TPNW, Indonesia submitted a declaration to the UN Secretary-General on 21 January 2025 confirming that it does not own, possess, or control nuclear weapons, has never done so, and does not host any other State’s nuclear weapons on its territory.8
Indonesia promoted adherence to the TPNW as part of the UN Human Rights Council’s Universal Periodic Review in 2025.
Recommendations
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Indonesia should continue to encourage other states to adhere to the TPNW.
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Indonesia should ensure that all the TPNW obligations are implemented domestically, through legal, administrative, and other necessary measures.